Anotaciones: 2015

25/7/15

Metodos de Backup Linux Servidor o disco completo

https://github.com/blackyboy/RedHat-Centos-Common-Stuffs

6 Examples to Backup Linux Using dd Command Including Disk to Disk

Data loss will be costly. At the very least, critical data loss will have a financial impact on companies of all sizes. In some cases, it can cost your job. I’ve seen cases where sysadmins learned this in the hard way.
There are several ways to backup a Linux system, including rsync and rsnapshot that we discussed a while back.
This article provides 6 practical examples on using dd command to backup the Linux system. dd is a powerful UNIX utility, which is used by the Linux kernel makefiles to make boot images. It can also be used to copy data. Only superuser can execute dd command.
Example 1. Backup Entire Harddisk
To backup an entire copy of a hard disk to another hard disk connected to the same system, execute the dd command as shown below. In this dd command example, the UNIX device name of the source hard disk is /dev/hda, and device name of the target hard disk is /dev/hdb.


dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb

“if” represents inputfile, and “of” represents output file. So the exact copy of /dev/sda will be available in /dev/sdb.
If there are any errors, the above command will fail. If you give the parameter “conv=noerror” then it will continue to copy if there are read errors.
Input file and output file should be mentioned very carefully, if you mention source device in the target and vice versa, you might loss all your data.
In the copy of hard drive to hard drive using dd command given below, sync option allows you to copy everything using synchronized I/O.


dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb conv=noerror,sync

Example 2. Create an Image of a Hard Disk
Instead of taking a backup of the hard disk, you can create an image file of the hard disk and save it in other storage devices.There are many advantages to backing up your data to a disk image, one being the ease of use. This method is typically faster than other types of backups, enabling you to quickly restore data following an unexpected catastrophe.


dd if=/dev/hda of=~/hdadisk.img

The above creates the image of a harddisk /dev/hda. Refer our earlier article How to view initrd.image for more details.
Example 3. Restore using Hard Disk Image
To restore a hard disk with the image file of an another hard disk, use the following dd command example.


dd if=hdadisk.img of=/dev/hdb

The image file hdadisk.img file, is the image of a /dev/hda, so the above command will restore the image of /dev/hda to /dev/hdb.
Example 5. Backup a Partition
You can use the device name of a partition in the input file, and in the output either you can specify your target path or image file as shown in the dd command example below.


dd if=/dev/hda1 of=~/partition1.img

Example 6. CDROM Backup
dd command allows you to create an iso file from a source file. So we can insert the CD and enter dd command to create an iso file of a CD content.


dd if=/dev/cdrom of=tgsservice.iso bs=2048

dd command reads one block of input and process it and writes it into an output file. You can specify the block size for input and output file. In the above dd command example, the parameter “bs” specifies the block size for the both the input and output file. So dd uses 2048bytes as a block size in the above command.
Note: If CD is auto mounted, before creating an iso image using dd command, its always good if you unmount the CD device to avoid any unnecessary access to the CD ROM.
To backup my Linux partitions, I combine dd and gzip, e.g. to back up my Ubuntu root partition which is on /dev/sda5:


dd if=/dev/sda5 bs=4096 | gzip -c > sda5-root.img.gz

Performance of the compression can be improved by creating & deleting a file from /dev/zero before doing the backup, e.g.


dd if=/dev/zero of=zero.bin bs=4096

To Create a Whole Backup of a Drive


dd if=/dev/vda | ssh babinlonston@192.168.1.100 'gzip - > /home/babinlonston/Desktop/backup.gz'

To restore, you have to take the server down and manually image the disk. Perhaps a hard drive swap or something of the sort.
copy data over with a filemanager from a live CD.. grsync is an easy GUI for using rsync
To place the image on the
[new] drive:


gzip -d < image.gz | dd of=/dev/sda2

well to recover, you cannot just do it “live”, ie, while the system is running off of that hard disk. You would need to either to boot from a live medium (cd/etc) and do the disk image there, or perhaps pull out the hard drives and put them in another computer.
How to Backup the Remote Linux Servers or Systems Using Rsnapshot
For this we have to Setup a non password login for Root
Only the root can perform a full backup cos only root have the administrative Privilage to access all files what ever we need to backup

Setup a KeyBased Authentication


ssh-keygen

Create a New Key and Copy to the remote machine Using Command


ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub

To remote Host using Command


ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub sysadmin@192.168.1.77

It will ask for the Password for the machine 192.168.1.77 , give the password to Authenticate
Install the utility Rsnapshot


apt-get install rsnapshot

Edit the configuration file of the Rsnapshot
Note : Here in Configuration file Never Use the Spacebar key only u have to use the TAB Key if u need to give any spaces


vim /etc/rsnapshot.conf

In the Line no:27
Change the Directory if u need were to save the Backup by Default
The Current Backup folder is under


snapshot_root   /var/cache/rsnapshot/

If u need to change this default location to some were / as folder named backups


snapshot_root  /backups

Then Enable the Line no:57


cmd_ssh /usr/bin/ssh

>Note : If this line Enabled only we can took backup over ssh if not we can’t took backup over ssh .
If u need to change the time when need to backup
Look at the line no:97,98,99,100


retain        hourly  6

If You Need to backup the Localhosts directory Such as /home/, /etc/, /usr/local
uncomment line no:230,231,232
If u Don’t want to took backup those Directories Comment the line with
Then if we need to took backup from 192.168.1.77 machine to my machine 192.168.1.99 set the command as below the Example in line no:241


backup  root@192.168.1.77:/etc/ /backup

This Command will backup the Directory /etc from 192.168.1.77 to /backup in 192.168.1.99
Save the configuration file using

wq!

Test the rsnapshot configuration


rsnapshot configtest

It want to give u back a result as syntax ok
if so the test was sucess
To know the location of rsnapshot where is use command


whereis rsnapshot

If we need to backup the remote system 192.168.1.77 by mean time
Use command


/usr/bin/rsnapshot/hourly

For Automate backup using cronjob, Setup a Cronjob for rsnapshot
This will create a cron job for current user


crontab -e

In Cron job we need to define the entry by how it want to backup by hourly or by daily


0       5       *       *       * /usr/bin/rsnapshot hourly

this will backup hourly

Cerrar sesion de otros usuarios en consola

http://safesrv.net/kill-idle-ssh-sessions-and-keep-your-ssh-session-alive/ http://superuser.com/questions/358835/force-logout-a-user identificar consola actualmente en uso con: tty Identificar usuarios en sesion who You terminate a session by killing its parent process, called the session leader. Find out which process it is with: ps -dN|grep pts/3 Matar el proceso padre de esa sesión por ID cierra la sesión de usuario.

31/3/15

Centos 6 Instalar FreeRadius Server con administracion web daloradius y phpmyadmin

principal:
http://linuxdrops.com/install-freeradius-with-web-based-management-daloradius-on-centosrhel-debian-ubuntu/
Fixes:
http://sourceforge.net/p/daloradius/discussion/684102/thread/94933b26/
http://forum.mikrotik.com/viewtopic.php?t=52830
http://sourceforge.net/p/daloradius/mailman/message/21201568/

phpmyadmin:
https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-and-secure-phpmyadmin-on-a-centos-6-4-vps

Overview

FreeRADIUS is the most popular open source RADIUS server[2] and the most widely deployed RADIUS server in the world.[2] It supports all common authentication protocols, and the server comes with a PHP-based web user administration tool called dialupadmin . It is the basis for many commercial RADIUS products and services, such as embedded systems, RADIUS appliances that support Network Access Control, and WiMAX. It supplies the AAA needs of many Fortune-500 companies, telcos, and Tier 1 ISPs. It is also widely used in the academic community, including eduroam. The server is fast, feature-rich, modular, and scalable. The currently shipping stable version is 2.2.0.

Install FreeRadius with Web Based Management Daloradius on CentOS/RHEL, Debian, Ubuntu

On CentOS/RHEL 5

yum install freeradius2 freeradius2-mysql freeradius2-utils mysql-server mysql php-mysql php php-gd php-pear-DB

1	yum install freeradius2 freeradius2-mysql freeradius2-utils mysql-server mysql php-mysql php php-gd php-pear-DB

On CentOS/RHEL 6

yum install freeradius freeradius-mysql freeradius-utils mysql-server mysql php-mysql php php-gd php-pear-DB

1	yum install freeradius freeradius-mysql freeradius-utils mysql-server mysql php-mysql php php-gd php-pear-DB

Ubuntu or Debian

apt-get install freeradius freeradius-mysql freeradius-utils mysql-server mysql chkconfig php5 php5-mysql php5-db php5-pear

1	apt-get install freeradius freeradius-mysql freeradius-utils mysql-server mysql chkconfig php5 php5-mysql php5-db php5-pear

Start the MySQL instance

chkconfig mysqld on
/etc/init.d/mysqld start

1 2	chkconfig mysqld on /etc/init.d/mysqld start

Next we need to create the radius database, so execute

mysql -uroot -p

1	mysql -uroot -p

Create the database and grant all privileges to user radius

CREATE DATABASE radius;
GRANT ALL ON radius.* TO radius@localhost IDENTIFIED BY "radius@123";
flush privileges;
exit

CREATE DATABASE radius;

GRANT ALL ON radius.* TO radius@localhost IDENTIFIED BY "radius@123";

flush privileges;

exit

Now we need to build the schema for radius database
On CentOS/RHEL

mysql -uradius -p radius < /etc/raddb/sql/mysql/schema.sql

1	mysql -uradius -p radius < /etc/raddb/sql/mysql/schema.sql

On Debian/Ubuntu

mysql -uradius -p radius < /etc/freeradius/sql/mysql/schema.sql

1	mysql -uradius -p radius < /etc/freeradius/sql/mysql/schema.sql

Now edit the sql.conf file and populate the database credentials.
On CentOS/RHEL

vi /etc/raddb/sql.conf

1	vi /etc/raddb/sql.conf

On Debian, Ubuntu

vi /etc/freeradius/sql.conf

1	vi /etc/freeradius/sql.conf

Enter your mysql database details you just created

# Connection info:
 server = "localhost"
 port = 3306
 login = "radius"
 password = "radius@123"
# Database table configuration for everything except Oracle
 radius_db = "radius"

# Connection info:

server = "localhost"

port = 3306

password = "radius@123"

# Database table configuration for everything except Oracle

radius_db = "radius"

Next open /etc/raddb/radiusd.conf
On CentOS/RHEL

vi /etc/raddb/radiusd.conf

1	vi /etc/raddb/radiusd.conf

On Debian, Ubuntu

vi /etc/freeradius/radiusd.conf

1	vi /etc/freeradius/radiusd.conf

Uncomment Line 700 to include sql.conf

$INCLUDE  sql.conf

1	$INCLUDE sql.conf

Next edit /etc/raddb/sites-available/default and uncomment the line 177 containing ‘sql’ under the authorize {} section and line 406 ‘sql’ under the accounting {} section, also uncomment ‘sql’ under session {} line 454.
On CentOS/RHEL

vi /etc/raddb/sites-available/default

1	vi /etc/raddb/sites-available/default

On Debian, Ubuntu

vi /etc/freeradius/sites-available/default

1	vi /etc/freeradius/sites-available/default

Now, edit /etc/raddb/sites-available/inner-tunnel and uncomment the line 131 and line 255 containing ‘sql’ under authorize {} and under session {}.
On CentOS/RHEL

vi /etc/raddb/sites-available/inner-tunnel

1	vi /etc/raddb/sites-available/inner-tunnel

On Debian, Ubuntu

vi /etc/freeradius/sites-available/inner-tunnel

1	vi /etc/freeradius/sites-available/inner-tunnel

Open up /etc/raddb/clients.conf
On CentOS/RHEL

vi /etc/raddb/clients.conf

1	vi /etc/raddb/clients.conf

On Debian, Ubuntu

vi /etc/freeradius/clients.conf

1	vi /etc/freeradius/clients.conf

To add NAS clients that will use RADIUS server for AAA you have to add the following to the clients.conf file. Append a block such as this, replace 192.168.209.1 with the ip address of your NAS client that will use FreeRADIUS for AAA.

client 192.168.209.1 {
 secret  = 91982650d89
        nastype         = other
}

client 192.168.209.1 {

secret = 91982650d89

nastype = other

}

Restart FreeRADIUS for the new configuration to take effect.
On CentOS/RHEL

service radiusd restart

1	service radiusd restart

On Ubuntu, Debian

service freeradius restart

1	service freeradius restart

If you encounter any problems you can run FreeRADIUS in debug mode to find any authentication issues. To run FreeRADIUS in debug mode execute
On CentOS/RHEL

radiusd -X

1	radiusd -X

On Ubuntu, Debian

freeradius -X

1	freeradius -X

Update:
Radius use MySQL to store usernames and passwords. To manage radius server daloradius is a good choice. To install daloradius

wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/daloradius/files/latest/download?source=files
tar zxvf daloradius-0.9-9.tar.gz
mysql -uradius -p radius < daloradius-0.9-9/contrib/db/fr2-mysql-daloradius-and-freeradius.sql

wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/daloradius/files/latest/download?source=files

tar zxvf daloradius-0.9-9.tar.gz

mysql -uradius -p radius < daloradius-0.9-9/contrib/db/fr2-mysql-daloradius-and-freeradius.sql

Next open the daloradius.conf.php

vi daloradius-0.9-9/library/daloradius.conf.php

1	vi daloradius-0.9-9/library/daloradius.conf.php

Add the database username, password and db name.

• $configValues['DALORADIUS_VERSION'] = '0.9-9';
• $configValues['FREERADIUS_VERSION'] = '2';
• $configValues['CONFIG_DB_ENGINE'] = 'mysql';
• $configValues['CONFIG_DB_HOST'] = 'localhost';
• $configValues['CONFIG_DB_USER'] = 'radius';
• $configValues['CONFIG_DB_PASS'] = 'radius@123';
• $configValues['CONFIG_DB_NAME'] = 'radius';

• $configValues['DALORADIUS_VERSION'] = '0.9-9';

• $configValues['FREERADIUS_VERSION'] = '2';

• $configValues['CONFIG_DB_ENGINE'] = 'mysql';

• $configValues['CONFIG_DB_HOST'] = 'localhost';

• $configValues['CONFIG_DB_USER'] = 'radius';

• $configValues['CONFIG_DB_PASS'] = 'radius@123';

• $configValues['CONFIG_DB_NAME'] = 'radius';

Move daloradius to the web root directory
On Debian, Ubuntu

mv daloradius-0.9-9 /var/www/daloradius

1	mv daloradius-0.9-9 /var/www/daloradius

On CentOS/RHEL

mv daloradius-0.9-9 /var/www/html/daloradius

1	mv daloradius-0.9-9 /var/www/html/daloradius

Point your browser to http://ip-address-or-hostname/daloradius
Login using
Username administrator
Password radius
You can add new groups and users to the database and manage the radius server.

Fix1:
# yum install php-pear*
# pear install DB

Fix2:

Database error
Error Message: DB Error: no such table
Debug
 info: SELECT id, username FROM operators WHERE username = 
'Administrador' AND password = 'radius' [nativecode=1146 ** Table 
'radius.operators' doesn't exist]

to repair this you must:

# cd /var/www/daloradius/contrib/db/
# mysql -u(your username) -p(your password) radius(or the name of database you created)

Fix3

> It seems that you don't have the NAS table in your schema for some reason.
> To apply it get on MySQL console and enter the following:
>
> DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `nas`;
> CREATE TABLE `nas` (
>   `id` int(10) NOT NULL auto_increment,
>   `nasname` varchar(128) NOT NULL,
>   `shortname` varchar(32) default NULL,
>   `type` varchar(30) default 'other',
>   `ports` int(5) default NULL,
>   `secret` varchar(60) NOT NULL default 'secret',
>   `community` varchar(50) default NULL,
>   `description` varchar(200) default 'RADIUS Client',
>   PRIMARY KEY  (`id`),
>   KEY `nasname` (`nasname`)
> );

Configuración IP estática en Centos 6


## Configure eth0

#
# vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
 


DEVICE="eth0"

NM_CONTROLLED="yes"
ONBOOT=yes
HWADDR=A4:BA:DB:37:F1:04
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=static
NAME="System eth0"
UUID=5fb06bd0-0bb0-7ffb-45f1-d6edd65f3e03
IPADDR=192.168.1.44
NETMASK=255.255.255.0


## Configure Default Gateway

#
# vi /etc/sysconfig/network


NETWORKING=yes

HOSTNAME=centos6
GATEWAY=192.168.1.1
 

## Restart Network Interface

#


/etc/init.d/network restart


## Configure DNS Server

#
# vi /etc/resolv.conf


nameserver 8.8.8.8      # Replace with your nameserver ip


nameserver 192.168.1.1  # Replace with your nameserver ip

10/2/15

scp as a background process

To execute any linux command in background we use nohup as follows:

$ nohup SOME_COMMAND &

But the problem with scp command is that it prompts for the password (if password authentication is used). So to make scp execute as a background process do this:

$ nohup scp file_to_copy user@server:/path/to/copy/the/file > nohup.out 2>&1

Then press ctrl + z which will temporarily suspend the command, then enter the command:

$ bg

This will start executing the command in backgroud

How to install & configure Tomcat 6 on Centos 6.5

login as root

yum update

yum install -y java

yum install tomcat6 tomcat6-webapps tomcat6-admin-webapps

You can modify default port 8080 to 80 (if required)
vi /usr/share/tomcat6/conf/server.xml


connectionTimeout="20000"

redirectPort="8443" />

For tomcat admin modify file
vi /usr/share/tomcat6/conf/tomcat-users.xml
add line

in between &
Add permanent at start-up
chkconfig tomcat6 on
Start tomcat
service tomcat6 start
Add port on iptables

iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 8o -j ACCEPT

service iptables save

service iptables restart

Open browser and add url or ip of your server in address bar
click on Tomcat Manager give username and password as you have added on the file tomact-users.xml as admin and tomcatpass

20/1/15

Comprimir PDF y COnvertir varios en uno solo (MERGE PDF)

http://www.virtualzone.de/2012/11/how-to-reduce-pdf-file-size-in-linux.html

Se reduce calidad de documentos a calidad ebook = 300 dpi

También puede usar los siguientes parámetros en lugar de /ebook:

    /screen - Lowest quality, lowest size
    /ebook - Moderate quality
    /printer - Good quality
    /prepress - Best quality, highest size

Ejemplo:

gs -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -dCompatibilityLevel=1.4 -dPDFSETTINGS=/ebook -dNOPAUSE\ -dQUIET -dBATCH -sOutputFile=h1ebook.pdf h1.pdf

gs -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -dCompatibilityLevel=1.4 -dPDFSETTINGS=/ebook -dNOPAUSE\ -dQUIET -dBATCH -sOutputFile=h2ebook.pdf h2.pdf

gs -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -dCompatibilityLevel=1.4 -dPDFSETTINGS=/ebook -dNOPAUSE\ -dQUIET -dBATCH -sOutputFile=h3ebook.pdf h3.pdf

Para unirlos se usa pdftk, instalado desde apt-get

sudo apt-get install pdftk

pdftk h1ebook.pdf h2ebook.pdf h3ebook.pdf cat output DocumentoFinal.pdf

12/1/15

Instalacion Moodle 2.8 en Ubuntu Srver 14.04.1

https://docs.moodle.org/27/en/Installation_on_Ubuntu_using_Git
https://docs.moodle.org/all/es/Guia_de_instalacion_paso-a-paso_para_Ubuntu
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5vAzBrRxzI

Instalacion Basica

se realiza el proceso de instalación estándar para Ubuntu Server LAMP y Clamav como antivirus

apt-get update

sudo apt-get install apache2 mysql-client mysql-server php5 graphviz aspell php5-pspell php5-curl php5-gd php5-intl php5-mysql php5-xmlrpc php5-ldap clamav git git-core git-doc php5-json vim

sudo service apache2 restart

sudo apt-get install git-core

Descarga e Instalación de código de Moodle

cd /opt

sudo git clone git://git.moodle.org/moodle.git
cd moodle
sudo git branch -a
sudo git branch --track MOODLE_28_STABLE origin/MOODLE_28_STABLE
sudo git checkout MOODLE_28_STABLE

Copiar repositorio local a /var/www/html/

sudo cp -R /opt/moodle /var/www/html/
sudo mkdir /var/moodledata
sudo chown -R www-data /var/moodledata
sudo chmod -R 777 /var/moodledata
sudo chmod -R 0755 /var/www/html/moodle

Configurar servidor MySQL

sudo vim /etc/mysql/my.cnf
en la sccion [mysqld] agregar:
default-storage-engine = innodb
sudo service mysql restart
mysql -u root -p
CREATE DATABASE moodle DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci;
create user 'moodledude'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'passwordformoodledude';
GRANT SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE,CREATE,CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES,DROP,INDEX,ALTER ON moodle.* TO moodledude@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'passwordformoodledude';
quit;

Configurar Moodle

Permisos
sudo chmod -R 777 /var/www/html/moodle
Al terminar no olvidar reestablecer permisos con:
sudo chmod -R 0755 /var/www/html/moodle

Abra su navegador y vaya a http://DIRECCION.IP.DEL.SERVIDOR/moodle

Siga las indicaciones seleccionando:
Cambie la ruta para moodledata

/var/moodledata
Tipo de BasedeDatos

Elija: mysqli
Configuraciones de Basededatos

Host server: localhost

BasedeDatos (Database): moodle

Usuario (User): moodledude (el usuario que Usted creó al configurar la BasedeDatos)

Contraseña (Password): passwordformoodledude (la contraseña para el usuario que Usted creó)

Tables Prefix: mdl_
Revisiones del Entorno

Esto indicará si faltan de instalar algunos elementos necesarios para que corra Moodle.
Siguiente siguiente siguiente...

Siga las indicaciones y confirme la instalación
Crear una cuenta del Administrador del Sitio

Cree su cuenta de usuario moodle que tendrá permisos de administrador del sitio.

La contraseña que elija debe de cumplir ciertos requisitos de seguridad.
Instalación Completa

¡Felicitaciones! ¡Ahora puede empezar a usar Moodle!
No se le olvide

Si Usted hizo escribible webroot, revierta los permisos

sudo chmod -R 0755 /var/www/html/moodle

Activar OPcache

Editar el archivo:
sudo vim /etc/php5/apache2/conf.d/05-opcache.ini
Segun https://docs.moodle.org/27/en/OPcache debe contener algo como:
; configuration for php ZendOpcache module
; priority=05
zend_extension=opcache.so
; desde: https://docs.moodle.org/27/en/OPcache
opcache.enable = 1
opcache.memory_consumption = 128
opcache.max_accelerated_files = 4000
opcache.revalidate_freq = 60

; Required for Moodle
opcache.use_cwd = 1
opcache.validate_timestamps = 1
opcache.save_comments = 1
opcache.enable_file_override = 0

; If something does not work in Moodle
;opcache.revalidate_path = 1 ; May fix problems with include paths
;opcache.mmap_base = 0x20000000 ; (Windows only) fix OPcache crashes with event ;id 487

; Experimental for Moodle 2.6 and later
;opcache.fast_shutdown = 1
;opcache.enable_cli = 1 ; Speeds up CLI cron
;opcache.load_comments = 0 ; May lower memory use, might not be compatible with ;add-ons and other apps.

Para abrir directamente Moodle sin http://IP/moodle

sudo vim /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf
Cambie de: DocumentRoot /var/www/html

Cambie a: DocumentRoot /var/www/html/moodle

sudo vim /var/www/html/moodle/config.php
Debajo de $CFG->wwwroot cámbielo a http://direccion.ip.del.servidor en lugar de http://dirección.ip.del.servidor/moodle